Growing Planets Produce Extreme Dust Signatures

Philip J Carter, and Zoë M Leinhardt
ApJL, ???, ??? (2026).
doi: 10.????/????
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13227

Below are animations to accompany selected figures in the paper.
Data from the article are available from dataverse.
Philip J Carter

Figure A7: Progression of example simulated accretion collision. Instantaneous phase (top left: solid [s], mixed solid and liquid [s+l], liquid [l], mixed liquid and vapor [l+v], vapor [v], or super critical fluid [scf]), materials (top right: core – light/dark pink, mantle – purple/dark blue – for target/projectile), density (bottom left) and entropy (bottom right) in the midplane as an accretion collision with a 10^-3 M_⊕ target and a mass ratio of 10^-2 at 3 v_esc and an impact angle of 30° (b=0.5) progresses. The number in the upper right of each panel is the simulation time in hours. Phase and material panels show SPH particle positions, where white indicates no particles exist at that location. Density and entropy panels show the fluid representation using (3D) interpolation, and so can be defined between particle positions; black/white areas are either at or below the minimum shown on the color scale, or indicate regions in which there are no particles that allow the interpolation.
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Figure A8: Progression of example simulated mildly erosive collision. Instantaneous phase (top left: solid [s], mixed solid and liquid [s+l], liquid [l], mixed liquid and vapor [l+v], vapor [v], or super critical fluid [scf]), materials (top right: core – light/dark pink, mantle – purple/dark blue – for target/projectile), density (bottom left) and entropy (bottom right) in the midplane as an accretion collision with a 1 M_⊕ target and a mass ratio of 0.1 at 5 v_esc and an impact angle of 45° (b=0.707) progresses. The number in the upper right of each panel is the simulation time in hours. Phase and material panels show SPH particle positions, where white indicates no particles exist at that location. Density and entropy panels show the fluid representation using (3D) interpolation, and so can be defined between particle positions; black/white areas are either at or below the minimum shown on the color scale, or indicate regions in which there are no particles that allow the interpolation.
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Figure A9: Progression of example simulated hit-and-run collision. Instantaneous phase (top left: solid [s], mixed solid and liquid [s+l], liquid [l], mixed liquid and vapor [l+v], vapor [v], or super critical fluid [scf]), materials (top right: core – light/dark pink, mantle – purple/dark blue – for target/projectile), density (bottom left) and entropy (bottom right) in the midplane as an accretion collision with a 0.1 M_⊕ target and a mass ratio of 0.5 at 4 v_esc and an impact angle of 60° (b=0.87) progresses. The number in the upper right of each panel is the simulation time in hours. Phase and material panels show SPH particle positions, where white indicates no particles exist at that location. Density and entropy panels show the fluid representation using (3D) interpolation, and so can be defined between particle positions; black/white areas are either at or below the minimum shown on the color scale, or indicate regions in which there are no particles that allow the interpolation.
Download Video: "mp4"

Figure A10: Progression of example simulated erosive collision. Instantaneous phase (top left: solid [s], mixed solid and liquid [s+l], liquid [l], mixed liquid and vapor [l+v], vapor [v], or super critical fluid [scf]), materials (top right: core – light/dark pink, mantle – purple/dark blue – for target/projectile), density (bottom left) and entropy (bottom right) in the midplane as an accretion collision with a 0.1 M_⊕ target and a mass ratio of 0.1 at 12 v_esc and an impact angle of 30° (b=0.5) progresses. The number in the upper right of each panel is the simulation time in hours. Phase and material panels show SPH particle positions, where white indicates no particles exist at that location. Density and entropy panels show the fluid representation using (3D) interpolation, and so can be defined between particle positions; black/white areas are either at or below the minimum shown on the color scale, or indicate regions in which there are no particles that allow the interpolation.
Download Video: "mp4"